Ch. 12 13 Dna Protein Synthesis Project. By Anthony

Ch. 12 13 DNA Protein Synthesis Project By Anthony Li, Connor Farrell, John Koutsonikolis, and Tristan Funicelli (Tristan) # Describe the contributions of each of the following to the discovery of the structure of DNA - 1) Watson and Crick: Used Rosalind Franklin’s x-rays of DNA to conclude that DNA took the shape of a double helix. 2) Frederick Miescher: Used pus from infections to isolate nuclein. He found that nuclein had a unique ratio of phosphorous to nitrogen. 3) Oswald Avery: Tested many strains of bacteria and discovered that DNA carries a cell’s genetic code and can be altered through transformations. 4) Rosalind Franklin: Used x-ray diffractions to take pictures of the structure of DNA. The pictures alluded to DNA’s†¦show more content†¦A/T and G/C have equal amounts in DNA. This is why they pair up. (Tristan) # Explain the process by which DNA is able to make copies of itself also including an explanation of why it is considered semiconservative replication - There are four steps to replication 1) Unwind: Helicase splits a DNA section in half at the replication fork. 2) Unzips: DNA Polymerase breaks the hydrogen bonds and unwinds the section. 3) Copy: DNA Polymerase joins individual nucleotides with their complementary counterparts to form a new strand of DNA. Replication runs in the 5’ to 3’ direction. 4) Rewind: The DNA section is zipped back up and winded up again. DNA replication is considered semiconservative because each new strand of DNA contains only half of the original DNA strand. 6. (Connor) Compare and Contrast the prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromies. Prokaryotic Chromosomes Prokaryotes typically have a single circular chromosome Are condensed in the nucleoid via DNA supercoiling and binding of architectural proteinsTranscription and translation occur at the same time Most only contain a single copy of each gene Genomes are efficient and compact with very little of the same DNA Eukaryotic Chromosomes Contain multiple linear chromosomes Condensed in a nucleus with a membrane by histones Transcription occurs

Eighteenth Century Religious Change in Uncle Toms Cabin...

Eighteenth Century Religious Change in Uncle Toms Cabin and Moby Dick The central religious themes of Uncle Toms Cabin and Moby Dick reflect the turbulent and changing religious climate of their time. In their use of themes from both traditional Calvinism and modern reform, the syncretic efforts of both of these texts offers a response to the uncertainty and change of the period. However, their uses of these themes are different; while Stowe used a precise focus on a Christian polemic against slavery, Melville intentionally de-centralized his text in a way that asks the reader to look beyond the medium of expression to the truth which lays behind it, but cannot be contained in it. In this paper, I will investigate the shift in†¦show more content†¦Neither one of them can be precisely placed in any of the religious categories of the period; Calvinism (both orthodox and reformed), Unitarianism, Transcendentalism, and liberal Christocentric humanism all exerted definite influences on both works, but both works similarly resist direct placement not only because of the syncretic nature of their programs, but the fluidity of these very traditions. Therefore, while some hesitancy is a necessary hazard of such a investigation, it nevertheless preserves a respect for the complexity of the religious history involved. With this much said precautionarily, it is nevertheless possible to place both of these works in the climate of questioning, re-definition, and uncertainty which occurred in the American political and social scenes as part of this religious shift. The first important factor in this shift was the Second Great Awakening; while William McLoughlin dates its conclusion at 1830, it had an important influence on both of these works which were composed between 1850 and 1852. This movement established a break from the Calvinism of Jonathan Edwards through both in popular form of revivals and its connection to the more elite movement of Unitarianism, and thus set a precedent for later religious reform. The concept of American nationhood was challenged in the early eighteenth century onShow MoreRelatedThe History of American Literature3501 Words   |  15 PagesGods will. Nearly all events could be explained from this religious perspective: Foul weather and diseases were perceived as Gods wrath; a bountiful harvest represented Gods blessing. Given the Puritans relationship with God, it is not surprising that sermons and other religious writings dominated literature in America in the 1600s. John Cotton, Thomas Hooker, Roger Williams, and John Winthrop were among the most prominent religious writers. A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of

Prison Rape Victims Free Essays

string(98) " You have little or no contact with anyone on the outside and no one you can trust on the inside\." Meeting the Needs of Prison Rape Victims A Technical Assistance Guide for Sexual Assault Counselors and Advocates PENNSYLVANIA COALITION AGAINST RAPE The mission of PCAR is to work to eliminate all forms of sexual violence and to advocate for the rights and needs of victims of sexual violence. At PCAR’s core is the statewide network of sexual violence centers that work in concert with PCAR to administer quality services to survivors and their significant others. PCAR centers provide 24-hour services, seven days a week, including free and confidential crisis intervention; individual and support group counseling; hospital, court, and police accompaniment; prevention education within schools and the community; and information and referrals. We will write a custom essay sample on Prison Rape Victims or any similar topic only for you Order Now In addition to providing technical assistance in a variety of areas, the role of PCAR is to oversee the sexual violence centers’ contracts; monitor relevant legislation and public policy issues; provide library resources and educational trainings; and create public awareness/prevention campaigns for statewide implementation. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PCAR wishes to thank Rachel Shupp, BSW, Shippensburg University, class of 2006, for her work on this guide. As part of her senior-year internship at PCAR, Rachel researched the issue of prison rape extensively, visiting various prisons throughout Pennsylvania and responding to letters from victims of prison rape. These experiences and Rachel’s compassion for victims helped inform this publication. Copyright  © 2006 The content of this publication may be reprinted with the following acknowledgement: This material was reprinted from the Pennsylvania Coalition Against Rape’s publication entitled, Meeting the Needs of Prison Rape Victims: A Technical Assistance Guide for Sexual Assault Counselors and Advocates. This guide is available on our website: pcar. org Meeting the Needs of Prison Rape Victims A Technical Assistance Guide for Sexual Assault Counselors and Advocates TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction The Prison Rape Elimination Act Inmates as Victims Ethical Dilemmas: Working with a Victim who is also an Offender Prison Entry: The Basics Collaborating with Correction Staff Inmate Support Groups State Level Responses in Pennsylvania Conclusion 2 3 3 5 8 10 14 18 19 INTRODUCTION P rison rape has gone largely unaddressed by social service programs; correctional institutions; and until recently, lawmakers in this country. When prison rape is mentioned in the media or general public, it is often in the form of a joke or jest. Nothing about rape is funny, regardless of where or to whom it occurs. Victims of prison rape are at high risk of becoming victims again, largely because they may be too fearful to reach out for help or when they do, they find services specific to their needs are unavailable. They often fear experiencing further trauma and shame if they come forward. If they do choose to tell someone, their cries are sometimes ignored or disregarded. When victims of prison rape are released-as the majority of inmates areand rejoin our communities, they often suffer a complex interplay of biopsychosocial effects from their victimization. There is a severe lack of research surrounding the frequency of prison rape. It was approximated that inside correctional facilities in the midwestern region of the country, one in five males experience a pressured or forced sexual incident, and approximately one in 10 males report completed rape (Stop Prisoner Rape, 2006). According to the same study, rates of female sexual assault in prisons in that same region are estimated to range from six percent to 27 percent. Due to underreporting, it is likely that these figures do not capture the full scope of sexual assault in correctional facilities. The incidence of prison rape also varies between institutions, thus increasing he difficulty of acquiring accurate and nationally representative statistical figures. The collection of accurate prison rape data is impeded by limited definitions of â€Å"sexual assault† and flawed reporting and response protocol in operation within many correctional institutions throughout our nation. 2 THE PRISON RAPE ELIMINATION ACT (PREA) The problem of prison rape, its underr eporting, and lack of appropriate responses to victims were catalysts for the passage of the Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA). Passed in 2003, PREA specifically addresses the issue of rape in correctional institutions and facilities throughout the nation. The main goal of the law is to support the reduction, elimination, and prevention of rape within correctional facilities at the federal, state, and local levels. PREA also mandates national data collection efforts, provides funding for program development and research, and endorses a national commission to develop standards and accountability measures. Anti-sexual violence coalitions, local rape crisis centers, and correctional institutions are currently collaborating across the country in response to PREA and the needs of prison rape victims. For more information on such collaborations, see RESHAPE, a Newsletter on the Prison Rape Elimination Act, Issue #18, the National Sexual Assault Coalition Resource Sharing Project, available at http://www. resourcesharingproject. org/ newsletters. html. The main goal of PREA is to support the reduction, elimination, and prevention of rape within correctional facilities at the federal, state, and local levels. INMATES AS VICTIMS Many people carry strongly-held beliefs about prisoners that are not easy to sway. Some see the inmate population as undeserving of services and that prison rape is a form of poetic justice, or part of the punishment for their delinquent behavior. Prison rape seems to be an accepted norm and almost expected in the prison environment and therefore difficult to address and prevent. Many people blame rape victims for their victimization. Public blame is often magnified when the victim happens to be incarcerated. It is difficult for many people to empathize with â€Å"criminals† and to see them as â€Å"victims. † 3 Try to imagine you are living within the walls of a prison. You can almost touch both walls of your cell when you open your arms as wide as they can go. When you close your eyes, you can still see the graffiti that adorns your walls-desperate pleas of the inmates that came before you. The bars on the window allow only a sliver of sunlight into your cell. You have little or no contact with anyone on the outside and no one you can trust on the inside. You read "Prison Rape Victims" in category "Essay examples" You committed a nonviolent crime that you deeply regret. You live in fear everyday of being beaten or raped. The trauma of a rape can be especially devastating to someone who already feels isolated and without power or choices. Because of the social stigma and shame attached to the issue, it is difficult to tell even a close friend or family member that you have been a victim of rape. Imagine having to tell your story to a perfect stranger who is likely unprepared for or unsympathetic about such a disclosure. If correctional officers and staff are unresponsive, the victim’s mental health status can quickly deteriorate. This can lead to long-term problems that manifest themselves upon this person’s release. Rape not only poses a threat to the mental wellbeing of an individual, but also to the physical health of that person. For example, HIV and AIDS are a serious threat to the prison population with higher rates of infection than in the general population (Mariner, 2001). 4 ETHICAL DILEMMAS: WORKING WITH A VICTIM WHO IS ALSO AN OFFENDER Advocates bring many skills to their work with victims-professionalism, compassion, empathy, and resourcefulness are just a sampling. Advocates also bring their personal experiences, values, morals, and beliefs to the work, which can strengthen and sometimes hinder services depending on the situation. On one hand, rape crisis advocates and counselors may feel ethically obligated to erve victims of prison rape as well as other traditionally underserved victims such as people of color; males; children; elderly; people with disabilities; people living in poverty; immigrants, refugees, and victims of sex trafficking; lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered individuals; and others. On the other hand, rape crisis advocates and counselors may struggle with the idea of helping someone who has potentially hurt another person or has even sexually abused or assaulted someone. It can be a wonderful experience to expand horizons and travel beyond one’s comfort zone. At the same time, it can also be upsetting to enter into unfamiliar territory or work. Think about what is possible. Prepare. Listen to one’s inner voice and instincts and acknowledge ethical obligations and limitations. Basic Human Rights All humans are entitled to rights, including incarcerated individuals. One basic right that many victims of prison rape do not enjoy is that of safety-whether physical, mental, or spiritual. The rape crisis movement has been dedicated to exposing different types of sexual assault, empowering victims to speak out, and providing services to victims in need. As we know well, anyone can be a rape victim. There is no room for discrimination in our quest to help survivors of rape. All victims who reach out should be provided with help for past or present sexual assault. Ethical Decision-Making The offender-victim dichotomy is complex. There is no single answer on how to overcome this ethical dilemma but rather, a process of selfreflection that may produce several options. Before meeting with a victim of prison rape, advocates and counselors should reflect on their personal values, morals, beliefs and biases as well as the mission and policies of their parent agency/organization. Supervision may provide a safe and supportive environment in which this self-reflection and 5 analysis can occur. Discussing the ethical challenges with a trusted colleague can also be helpful. It is important to explore one’s preconceived notions and ideas about the prison population and their sources. Advocates may find the following resource helpful in their ethical decision-making process: Ethics in Victim Services, by Melissa Hook (available from the Sidran Institute, sidran. org). Below are some questions that might help guide advocates in the process of ethical decision-making: 1. What are the needs of victims of prison rape? 2. What are their resources? 3. What is known or believed about the prison population? 4. What is unknown? 5. What is behind one’s knowledge or feelings about the prison population? 6. What fears and hopes are at play? 7. What past experiences inform present-day feelings, beliefs, fears, and motivations? 8. What are ways to overcome personal and professional barriers in working with the prison population? 9. What opportunities exist to develop and strengthen knowledge, skills, and awareness? 10. What are the ethical principles at play? 1. Which ethical principles are in conflict? 12. Which ethical principle should take priority and why? 13. Are there certain individuals with whom an advocate cannot and should not work because it would be unethical (due to the negative impact the advocate’s personal biases, beliefs, and limitations would have on such individuals)? 14. If an advocate cannot meet the needs of a victim due to th e above, who else in the agency/organization can assist the victim? 15. What is the agency/organization’s mission? 16. What is the role of the advocate or counselor within that mission? 6 17. How do the needs of the prison population fit into that mission? 18. How can the agency/organization meet the needs of the prison population? Working with a Victim who is also a Sexual Assault Offender The ethical discussion gets more complicated when the victim is not only an offender, but also a sexual offender. It may be easier for advocates to work with victims who are incarcerated for nonviolent crime or crimes not of a sexual nature. It may be more difficult to work with a victim who has sexually assaulted or raped someone. In these cases, it is important to remember the parameters of the advocate’s role. In a direct service capacity, the focus of advocacy is on victimization, not on perpetration. The rape crisis advocate’s role in the counseling capacity, is to help victims process their trauma and heal from victimization, not to address offender issues. It is critical that advocates clarify their role and purpose with the client from the beginning. If offender issues arise, which they may, advocates should be prepared to refocus attention back to the victim experience. It may be necessary to refer the client to another service provider for offender treatment. Keep referral information handy for this purpose. As always, advocates should consult with their supervisors and agency policies as to whether providing services to victims who are also sexual offenders is even possible. Funding Considerations Advocates may question whether they are able to provide services under provisions of the agency or source that funds their practice. For example, advocates can not use Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) funding to â€Å"offer rehabilitation services to offenders or to support services to incarcerated individuals, even when the service pertains to the victimization of that individual† (US Department of Justice, p. 4, 1999). Agencies may find that they can use alternative funding streams to provide services to the prison population, such as Department of Public Welfare and other monies. Consulting with supervisors and agency policies and mission statements will help advocates determine whether limitations exist for the provision of services to the prison population. 7 PRISON ENTRY: THE BASICS En tering an unfamiliar territory can be intimidating, especially when it is surrounded by barbed wire and locked gates. The prison environment is very different from other settings where services are provided to victims. Providing services in prisons requires special consideration and planning. It may be difficult to navigate a prison without prior knowledge or experience. Each correctional institution has a complex set of rules and regulations, but there are some basic things to keep in mind when planning services. A Handbook for the Families and Friends of Pennsylvania Department of Corrections Prison Inmates (available at cor. state. pa. us) provides valuable information to people who are entering the prison environment for the first time (Hardesty Sturges, 2005). This handbook is not a blanket policy for all correctional institutions, so it is best to consult individual facilities before attempting to visit. Visits: Correctional facilities have specific protocols that visitors must follow. To visit or call an inmate, sexual assault advocates and counselors must be on that inmate’s approved visitors and phone lists. If an inmate requests services by letter, advocates and counselors should ask to be placed on these said lists (and notified when this has happened). Remember to request specific information about visiting hours and days, when the inmate is available for contact by telephone, and what kind of assistance he or she would like. For example, does this person need or want information and pamphlets? Does this person want counseling or referrals? When advocates and counselors have been approved to call or visit, they can establish a meeting time. Dress: Each prison has a specific dress code that prohibits certain items of clothing. Short shirts, shorts, halter-tops, and a variety of other articles are deemed inappropriate or prohibited by facilities. Use judgment when determining wardrobe, but consider dressing somewhat conservatively. As visitors pass through a metal detector before entering the prison, it is best to avoid wearing a lot of metal, such as belt buckles 8 and buttons on a coat. This may delay access to the facility. Also, many facilities are quite large and a lot of walking is often required, so you may wish to wear comfortable shoes that are easy to remove if they need to be inspected. Belongings: There are several items that are considered contraband in Pennsylvania prisons, even though some may seem harmless. To avoid complications and delays, take as little into the prison as possible. Weapons are prohibited in the prison and on the property, including the parking lots. Weapons may be defined as anything from the obvious such as guns, pocketknives, and cans of mace, to items that seem less threatening, such as nail files, clippers, scissors, and notebooks with metal spiral binding. Some commonly banned items include wallets, handbags, cell phones, electronic devices, weapons (or anything that can be used as a weapon), food, and medications. For a full list of banned items, contact the prison directly. Your vehicle may be subject to searches as well. A driver’s license is required. If available, bring agency or organization identification. Safety Considerations: Some advocates may question their safety when working in the prison environment. While it is critical that advocates trust their gut instincts, especially if they sense danger, it is also important to challenge stereotypes that all inmates are violent or â€Å"bad people. † There are many nonviolent offenders currently behind bars. Nonviolent offenders are more likely to become the victims of sexual crimes inside of prison walls than those who have been convicted for more serious crimes (Mariner, 2001). Self-awareness: Before entering a prison it is a good idea to mentally prepare. During the time it takes to travel to the prison, or sometime before, advocates and counselors may want to think about the steps they need to take while at the prison-everything from entering and walking through the prison, how they might feel as they pass inmates, finding the meeting room, meeting with clients, and exiting the prison. It is strongly suggested that advocates and counselors request to tour the prison, including where they will be meeting with clients, prior to their first session with victims. 9 COLLABORATING WITH CORRECTIONAL STAFF Advocates and counselors who work with victims of prison rape will inevitably have contact with staff at correctional facilities. At a minimum, advocates will rely on the staff for safety and assistance while providing services within the prison environment. At the other end of the spectrum, advocates may find it helpful to collaborate with prison staff in the development and provision of services to victims of prison rape. Whatever degree of collaboration, it is important to be aware of the distinct roles advocates and corrections personnel fulfill and to discuss those differences with each other from the beginning. It is very important to establish strong working relationships with corrections staff. They are a valuable resource in the advocate’s network and are familiar with the ins and outs of working within a prison system. In cases of uncertainty, staff is often a knowledge source. They may have advice and tips for those who come in from other agencies to work with the prison population. Counselors, psychological staff, and chaplains are especially helpful because they are in tune with the emotional and supportive needs of the inmates and can provide insight into how victims of sexual assault, past or present, may benefit from different types of programs and services. They may also have ideas about what works and what does not work in a correctional setting. Overall, establishing cooperation and mutual respect with corrections personnel from the beginning of the collaboration will greatly enhance advocates’ work with victims. It is very important to establish strong working relationships with corrections staff. They are a valuable resource in the advocate’s network and are familiar with the ins and outs of working within a prison system. 10 Training as a First Step towards Collaboration Collaboration may not be possible without adequate training of both corrections staff and rape crisis advocates on the problem of prison rape; the unique needs of its victims; and the differing cultures, goals, and missions of corrections and the anti-sexual violence movement. Corrections staff and administrators may not be aware of the seriousness of rape in correctional settings. They may lack the skills and knowledge to respond to a sexual assault emergency. Furthermore, they may be ill equipped to address â€Å"non-emergency† situations such as rape, sexual abuse, or incest that may have occurred prior to an inmate’s incarceration. Advocates and counselors may also have room to grow and skills to develop in meeting the needs of victims of prison rape. When opportunities arise, engage in cross-training with prison staff. These exchanges may help rape crisis advocates teach prison staff about sexual violence, the needs of victims, and the goals and mission of rape crisis services. In turn, cross-training will also help rape crisis advocates integrate their services within the prison environment in an effective and informed way. Understanding the Differing Roles of Prison Staff and Rape Crisis Advocates The correctional facility’s staff is primarily concerned with the security of the facility. They are interested in maintaining order and keeping everyone safe. Advocates’ primary concern is to meet the needs of victims of prison rape and protect their right to confidentiality. Although the correctional personnel may know the role of the advocate, they must still uphold the rules of the facility to keep order. For example, if advocates are running a group and are using supplies, such as scissors or spiral bound notebooks, they may have a problem. Despite the importance to the work, those items may be prohibited and therefore cannot be brought into the facility. It is not uncommon to feel frustrated in having to alter or completely change entire plans when working with inmates. 1 Understanding Confidentiality in the Prison Environment Confidentiality and client-counselor privilege may create a challenge in collaborating with corrections staff. By statute, the communications between sexual assault advocates/counselors and clients are privileged, or confidential. However, prison personnel may not be able to live by this ethic if the thre at of danger to staff or inmates exists. For example, corrections officers must share most of the information they receive in order to maintain safety in the institution both for themselves and inmates. Confidentiality is a cornerstone of the anti-sexual violence movement. It is important that advocates collaborate with corrections staff while maintaining client confidentiality. For technical assistance on this matter, contact PCAR at 1-800-692-7445 or visit pcar. org. Finding Common Ground It is important to point out the differences between correctional staff goals and rape crisis advocate goals. Acknowledging differences is important, but alone it is not an effective way to foster the growth of a professional relationship. It is equally important to identify similarities and common goals. Both corrections personnel and rape crisis advocates try to protect inmates from harm, by their own hand or others. Rape crisis advocates protect mental health and wellness and corrections employees protect physical status and safety of inmates. This common ground leaves room for collaboration and cooperation. With psychological staff, parole officers, and the prison chaplain, a common goal is rehabilitation. All involved are focused on improving the inmate’s situation and condition-whether through education, counseling, skill development, or other interventions-so he or she can be a productive and functional member of society upon release. With help, positive changes can occur and the client will become empowered. Empowerment is a goal that both corrections staff and rape crisis seek to realize, just by different means. 12 Developing Positive Working Relationships Rape crisis advocates and prison personnel may not always see eye to eye, but the following tips may help develop positive working relationships: 1. Always show respect for each other. If a person feels respected, he or she will usually reciprocate that respect. 2. Demonstrate tolerance, understanding, and empathy at all times. Try to see the situation from another perspective. 3. Keep communication lines open. Talk about potential problems before they arise. Be a focused listener, ask questions, and try to inform the staff about the role and purpose of advocacy. A person who understands what is happening is usually less resistant and uncooperative. 4. Look for ways to connect with corrections staff before you enter the prison. Serve on task forces and boards together. 5. Attend trainings on serving victims of prison rape and ways to collaborate with prison personnel. Engage in cross-trainings with corrections staff. . Remember the distinct roles of corrections staff and rape crisis advocates. Acknowledge when these differing roles are at play and find ways to compromise or respectfully agree to disagree. 7. Seek common ground whenever possible in collaborations. Keep the big picture in mind: the needs of victims of prison rape and the ways that corrections staff and rape crisis advocates are united. A stro ng working relationship with prison personnel will not only help enhance advocates’ experiences and comfort levels inside the prison walls; it will also positively impact victims. By maintaining positive relationships, advocates will have greater access to victims and prison staff may be more likely to appropriately respond to victims. A strong working relationship with prison personnel will not only help enhance advocates’ experiences and comfort levels inside the prison walls; it will also positively impact victims. 13 INMATE SUPPORT GROUPS Like community-based support groups, facilitating support groups inside of a prison may be challenging, especially if the group is lacking in participation, both in terms of numbers and members’ willingness to share. Advocates might face challenges unique to the prison population when planning and facilitating support groups. For example, in prison populations, the importance of confidentiality may be even more salient, given the high risk that may exist for victims who are unfortunately trapped under the same roof as their offenders. Victims of prison rape may be even more reluctant to come to a group with â€Å"sexual assault† or â€Å"victim† in the name, as being identified with such a group may make victims seem even more vulnerable to existing and potential perpetrators within the prison. Trust may be even more difficult to establish among group members, given the dangers of the environment and the need to look out for oneself. Below are some strategies that may help attract and retain victims of prison rape as well as enhance their experiences with the group. Pick an innocuous name. It may be difficult to attract members to a group with the words â€Å"rape,† â€Å"sexual assault,† or â€Å"victims† in the title. Unfortunately, social stigma surrounding rape and victimization is still potent enough to prevent victims from attending such a group. Being identified as a â€Å"victim† in the prison environment could be dangerous. Choose names that relate to health and wellness, safety, or prevention as opposed to ones that boldly announce they pertain to sexual assault. This may help recruit group members while still leaving room to address the purpose of the group: to address rape and sexual assault issues. Collaborate with prison staff to ensure inmates’ access, protection, and privacy. Prison staff members can be pivotal in getting a support group off the ground. They can make the groups accessible to inmates by enabling inmates to attend such groups. Furthermore, prison staff members can protect group members’ safety and privacy among the larger prison population by keeping their participation in such groups confidential. 14 Combine your resources with allies. When developing a new group, it can be helpful to build upon existing relationships and partnerships with allied professionals. Combining resources with others may help advocates reach a wider audience in a more holistic way, focusing on more than one topic or issue. Collaboration allows allied professionals to address the complex relationships between sexual violence and other social struggles, such as substance abuse, domestic violence, poverty, and other issues. Often, substance abuse and dependency is a form of self-medication or a way to cope with past sexual abuse. Even if the sessions do not directly deal with sexual assault issues, the topics still have potential to bring rape issues into the spotlight if they are in a related area. Collaborating with allied professionals may help advocates get their programs into prisons. Partnering with other professionals also enables advocates to address multiple issues in the group setting, thereby meeting the needs of individual victims holistically. Screen participants. Advocates should screen each potential group member before he or she enters the group. Screening helps to ensure group membership includes voluntary victims who are ready to address their experiences in a group setting. The following questions may help advocates screen potential group members: 1. What experiences bring you to the group? 2. What do you hope to gain from this group? 3. What do you hope to offer other group members? 4. Would you have any concerns/difficulties in engaging in discussions about sexual violence victimization? 5. Are you prepared to protect confidentiality and the privacy of other group members? Determine if the group will be closed or open. A closed group is one in which new members are not allowed to join from week to week, or after the group has been officially established. An open group is one in which members are allowed to join and drop off from week to week. There are benefits and drawbacks associated with each group composition. A closed group may help establish and maintain a stronger sense of trust and group cohesion among members. In a closed group, the curriculum or content of each session can build upon the previous week in a linear way. An open group may reach more victims, 15 as it is available to new members from week to week. Whichever format, advocates should learn about group dynamics and be prepared to address the challenges and build upon strengths of any group. Obtain ongoing training in group facilitation and dynamics. Even the most seasoned advocates can benefit from ongoing group work training. Knowledge is continuously evolving, as are the needs of victims. Advocates new to the field of prison rape may benefit from trainings specific to the inmate population. Involve group in establishing ground rules and goals of group. Retaining membership in groups can be difficult, but there are a few things that can be done to increase retention. Involve group members in establishing the ground rules. This generates individual members’ investment in the group and its progress. Such ground rules should cover basics such as punctuality, confidentiality, communication during group (one person speaks at a time), the need for breaks or individual support, showing respect for others, and expectations for behavior. Remember, the group can continue to add ground rules to the list as the group unfolds and as the need arises. Structure and rules can help create a safe and inviting atmosphere. Develop and safeguard trust. Allow appropriate time for group members to get to know each other. Inmates may be distrusting of other inmates and especially of staff and other outside authority figures. Give them the opportunity to warm up before starting intensive work. Keep groups relatively small so that members can build a sense of rapport with facilitator(s) and other participants. Empower group members as active leaders. Listen to group members. Seek their input. People are more likely to keep attending a group if they are involved in decision making. Plan a topic or discussion, but be flexible and go with the flow. Allow group members to lead the discussion rather than pushing a preconceived agenda. Gently guide the group back onto topic if necessary. 16 Lighten up! Balance challenging individual and group processes with fun activities when appropriate and possible. There are plenty of engaging activities that foster personal growth and strengthen bonds between members. Interspersing lighter content between heavier sessions can help the group’s cohesion and collective mental health. If the group is not enjoyable from time to time, advocates may lose group members. These ideas are applicable to working with any group. While it is important to identify and meet the unique needs of the prison population, victims of prison rape deserve and can benefit from many of the same approaches and efforts advocates use with non-incarcerated victims. Victims of prison rape may be even more reluctant to come to a group with â€Å"sexual assault† or â€Å"victim† in the name, as being identified with such a group may make victims seem even more vulnerable to existing and potential perpetrators within the prison. 17 STATE-LEVEL RESPONSES IN PENNSYLVANIA Since January 2005, the Pennsylvania Coalition Against Rape (PCAR) has been working with the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections, the Pennsylvania Office of the Victim Advocate, and law enforcement officers to develop prison rape prevention curricula for inmates and corrections staff. It is their goal to increase awareness about sexual crimes that occur during terms of imprisonment, to encourage reporting of and responses to sexual assault and rape, and to support prison personnel and rape crisis advocates in meeting the needs of victims. This state-level collaboration has resulted in two sexual assault training curricula-one for inmates and one for prison staff. The inmate curriculum is now provided in all state facilities to inmates at orientation and at annual reviews with counselors. All state corrections staff members now complete a sexual assault training program-which includes an overview of sexual assault, prevention, reporting policies and protocol, the needs of victims, and services in Pennsylvania-by computer as part of their job requirements. The hope is that these two curricula will improve responses and services to victims of prison rape as well as prevent sexual violence from occurring within the prison environment. Additionally, statewide training and technical assistance will be available to both corrections staff and rape crisis advocates as a means to supporting their work with victims of prison rape at the local level. For more information, contact PCAR at 1800-692-7445 or visit pcar. org for more information. 18 CONCLUSION The Prison Rape Elimination Act marks an important shift in our society. Its passage helps place the needs of victims of prison rape on the radar of social service agencies and correctional institutions throughout the country. Victims of prison rape have gone largely unnoticed and worse, ignored for too long. Working with any â€Å"new† group or population can present challenges. Advocacy within the prison setting may pose unique barriers and rewards. While it is important to identify and address potential limitations and concerns, it is equally important to acknowledge and build upon strengths and resources in meeting the needs of victims of rison rape. Collaboration-with corrections staff, community allies, and others-is integral to this work and reaching victims. Victims of prison rape depend on rape crisis centers for support. It is likely that they will not receive help from any other source. RESOURCES ON PRISON RAPE Human Rights Watch (212) 290-4700; hrw. org National Sexual Assault Coalition Resource Sharing Project Newsletter on the Prison Rape Elimination Act, Issue #18, Spring 2006 (319) 339-0899; http://www. resourcesharingproject. org/newsletters. tml National Sexual Violence Resource Center 877-739-3895; nsvrc. org Pennsylvania Coalition Against Rape 1-800-692-7445; pcar. org Pennsylvania Department of Corrections (717) 975-4859; cor. state. pa. us Pennsylvania Office of the Victim Advocate 800. 563. 6399; http://www. pbpp. state. pa. us/ova/site/default. asp The Pennsylvania Prison Society 800-227-2307; prisonsociety. org Stop Prisoner Rape (213) 384-1400; spr. org 19 REFERENCES Hardesty, K. , Sturges, J. (2005). A handbook for the families and friends of Pennsylvania department of corrections prison inmates. Retrieved February 21, 2006 from www. cor. state. pa. us/portal/lib/bis/Handbook_for_Families_and_Friends. pdf Mariner, J. (2001). No escape: Male rape in U. S. prisons. Retrieved March 1, 2006 from www. spr. org Stop Prisoner Rape. (200). The basics on rape behind bars. Retrieved February 22, 2006 from www. spr. org. US Department of Justice. (1999). Subgrantees’ training guide: Victims of Crime Act assistance grant program (NCJ 175717). Washington, DC: US Department of Justice. 20 This guide was funded in part by a National Institute of Corrections grant. How to cite Prison Rape Victims, Essay examples

Love And The Wife Of Bath Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper Love and The Wife of Bath Peoples do so much in their futile efforts to derive love. The Wife of Bath from The Canterbury Tales does many things to acquire love besides. She marries four hubbies to acquire love by commanding the. She marries her 5th hubby, Johnny, to acquire love by being controlled. Besides, the Wife of Bath believes that true love will come to her merely when she additions the equality she feels she deserves. The Wife of Bath marries a sum of five hubbies. She marries her first four hubbies and controls them because she thinks they will love her for it. She was married for the first clip at the age of 12. Therefore, she doesn T put much of an accent on the holiness of matrimony. In fact, she argues with the Apostle Paul, stating, Or where comanded he virginitee? # 8230 ; But conseiling nis no comandement. We will write a custom essay sample on Love And The Wife Of Bath Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He putte it in oure owene juggement, ( p. 108 ) . The Wife of Bath decides to do the most of her matrimonies. She realizes she is smarter than they are, and becomes commanding. The text says, How pitously anight I made hem swinke # 8230 ; ( p. 111 ) . She manages their lands for them, and makes them work hard. When they became covetous because it appeared she was rip offing on them, the Wife of Bath said, Of dames wolde I beren hem on honde, Whan that for sik they mighte unnethe stonde # 8230 ; I swoor that al my walking out by nighte Was for to espye dames that he dighte, ( p. 115 ) . The Wife of Bath believed that by doing them work for everything and being wholly submissive to them, they would genuinely love her. On the other hour angle nd, the Wife of Bath marries Johnny to happen love by being controlled. She notices Johnny while she is still married to her 4th hubby, but declares, If I were widwe, sholde wedde me, ( p. 119 ) . In fact, when her hubby dies, it is of small sorrow to her. In fact, at the funeral, she took more notice of Johnny: And Janekin oure clerk was oon of Tho. As aid me God, whan that I saw him travel After the beere, ( p. 119 ) . However, shortly after she marries Johnny, the Wife of Bath learns that he will non be controlled by her. On the contrary, Johnny is commanding to the point of abusiveness. Every dark he, reden in this book of wikked married womans, ( p. 121 ) . The book s illustrations of wicked married womans help him turn out that they are inferior and shouldn T be trusted or accounted as peers. This causes the Wife of Bath to go angered, and tears out pages from the book and throws them at Johnny, who proceeds to hit her on the caput with the book so difficult that she falls moti onless to the floor. When she wakes up, she says, O hastou slain me, †¦for my land? †¦Er I be deed yit wol I kisse thee, ( p. 124 ) . Even though he caused her to travel deaf in one ear from the blow, she is loyal to him and in fact loves him even more. In the terminal, the Wife of Bath realizes that true love will come to her merely when she additions the equality she feels she deserves. As page 113 says, Thou sholdest saye, Wif, travel wher thee leste. The Wife of Bath believes she is smart plenty to command her ain life. She shouldn t be governed by what society and her hubby state her. The Wife of Bath uses her narrative to acquire this point across

The Great Society And Civil Rights Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper The Great Society is a term coined and conceptualized by one adult male, the 36th President of the United States, Lyndon Baines Johnson. It was an thought that would concentrate on many major societal alterations. President Johnson started a war on poorness, and wanted more support for civil rights. Free instruction for the young person of America was another focal point. President Johnson besides took some of the first stairss toward doing America more environmentally witting. After taking over for assassinated President John F. Kennedy and so being elected as President, he brought an onslaught of statute law in a short sum of clip, puting some legislative records. Johnson foremost talked about his dream for the Great Society during an reference at the University of Michigan, on May 22, 1964. Johnson told the pupils that America had become so comfortable that it was acquiring fat and greedy. It was clip that America took its huge wealth and distribute it out among those impoverished in our state. We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Society And Civil Rights Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He noted the decay of metropoliss, and the decay of public instruction that was dragging America down. He cited that about 54 million Americans ( about? of the entire population ) hadn? T finished high school. These were merely a little portion of Johnson? s expansive strategy. President Johnson created a undertaking force of the most skilled urban contrivers to revamp the tally down metropoliss of America and create modern, efficient, and beautiful topographic points for all citizens to thrive. But they were non successful in all metropoliss. The black population began to name this urban reclamation? negro remotion? . Some metropoliss got new promenades, film theatres, courthouses and new edifices for concerns. Some were merely merely half renovated, go forthing an incomplete muss. This was a good program that merely didn? t work out for Johnson, particularly as the war in Vietnam began to intensify and he had to perpetrate more work forces and financess to that attempt. Johnson talked a batch about bettering the metropoliss, invariably declaring all of our metropoliss to be in a decaying diminution of values, pride, and instruction. He created? Demonstration Cities? , in which the Federal Government would face the physical, societal, medical and administrative facets of a selected metropolis. Congress at foremost had a small problem back uping these vastly dearly-won undertakings, but the race public violences that had broken out all over the state silenced any scruples about bettering the? ghettos? or? slums? . Federal money poured into the state? s interior metropoliss as lodging undertakings became a chief focal point ; elephantine tower block edifices were created to house the hapless and/or homeless. As a portion of metropolis betterment, President Johnson wanted to better race dealingss. Merely months after being elected in 1964, he passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 on July 2nd. This astonishing measure had eventually brought race dealingss to the political tabular array. The authorities eventually made it illegal to know apart ; conveying down the dictatorship of the Jim Crow Torahs of the old South. No longer would Whites be able to lawfully maintain inkinesss out of their eating houses, hotels, film theatres, shops, etc. Blacks could now, by jurisprudence, move freely and make whatever white people could make. Of class in world this wasn? T ever the instance, with the ill-famed KKK and their lynch rabble maintaining the inkinesss in changeless fright and watchfulness. On the instruction forepart, no longer did black kids have to travel to a decrepit and frequently far off unintegrated school, even if they lived near a white school. They could go to any public school, merely like white kids. Of class this was good on paper, but in world these pupils for the first few old ages faced legion troubles even come ining the schools. The celebrated Brown vs. Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas ; tested this new jurisprudence. The authorities besides now explicitly prohibited itself from lending to any bureau or organisation that discriminated on the evidences of race, colour, or nationality. It was a immense measure for minorities, they eventually achieved the same rights as white American citizens. Soon after came the Voting Rights Act of 1965 leting minorities to eventually acquire the opportunity to vote for authorities that controlled their lives. A measure rushed through Congress from Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. ? s March from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama brought national attending to the predicament of the laden black people. This new jurisprudence allowed federal testers to be sent to register electors. It besides outlawed the usage of literacy trials in provinces in which less than 50 % of the voting-age population had been registered or had voted in the 1964 election. This had an instantaneous consequence on black electors. By the terminal of 1965, over a one-fourth of a million black citizens had bec ome registered electors. Chief Justice Earl Warren said, ? the right to vote freely for the campaigner of one’s pick is of the kernel of a democratic society, and any limitations on that right work stoppage at the bosom of representative authorities? . The jurisprudence was now on the side of the minorities for the first clip in their lives. This finally led to minorities deriving more and more rights, with affirmatory action being one of the most celebrated by-products. This measure ended favoritism in the workplace in corporate America. Companies were forced to higher more minorities to make a more diverse and equal working environment. Another of import portion of the Great Society was the new thought of supplying money for citizens that couldn? T afford the costs of infirmary measures and other medical disbursals. This was Medicare, the plan that would supply assistance to anyone that needed it, and likely most of import? save people from going personally belly-up from unexpected wellness costs. Originally conceptualized as a national infirmary insurance program for the aged through societal security, it became a manner for the hapless aged to hold free corsets in a infirmary for up to a meager 30 yearss. The opposite number to Medicare was Medicaid, which paid the medical costs of public assistance receivers and the indigent, irrespective of age. The costs for this plan would funded by the provinces, but subsidized by Federal grants. It seemed like the greatest thing for America, no 1 would be denied health care, and persons would no longer hold a ground to avoid infirmaries. Today oppositions to Medicare claim t hat it? s costs have spiraled out of control. This can non be disputed. In 1965, the entire federal disbursement for Medicare was around $ 101 billion. It is estimated by the twelvemonth 2000 we will hold spent over four times that sum. The Great Society was without a uncertainty, a fantastic program to hike America? s criterion of life for all citizens every bit. With new civil rights and elector rights measures, minorities gained a immense triumph over the long oppressive rich white adult male. Urban renewal undertakings promised to turn the slums into beautiful metropoliss with a rich societal and economic encouragement, certain to maintain America the universe? s most powerful state. Education was eventually being addressed, with measures to stop school segregation, better the quality of instruction, and besides supply financess for those who could non afford college. Unfortunately the state? s increasing engagement in the war in Vietnam, meant that financess began to run abruptly, and plans were abandoned to concentrate on the struggle. It was all a beautiful strategy that would hold benefited the full state, it may hold merely been the incorrect clip or perchance excessively idealistic. Johnson knew he couldn? T win both wars and he said it best himself in this quotation mark: ? I knew from the start that I was bound to be crucified either manner I moved. If I left the adult female I truly loved? the Great Society? in order to acquire involved with that bitch of a war on the other side of the universe, so I would lose everything at place. All my plans. All my hopes to feed the hungry and shelter the homeless. All my dreams to supply instruction and medical attention to the browns and the inkinesss and the square and the hapless. But if I left that war and allow the Communists take over South Vietnam, so I would be seen as a coward and my state would be seen as an appeaser, and we would both happen it impossible to carry through anything for anybody anyplace on this full Earth. ? It merely wasn? T possible to accomplish all the dreams of the superb Great Society in a clip of such utmost political, societal, cultural, and economic alteration. But because of President Johnson? s great vision and effectual leading our state was forced to confront the world of racial favoritism. What started out in 1964 as a catchy election twelvemonth phrase, has made our state a much better topographic point to populate for all citizens. While we still have a batch to carry through in making a genuinely equal society, without the penetration and motive of President Johnson our society wouldn? T be anyplace near to a genuinely? Great Society? . We would still be decennaries behind in our pursuit for true equality among all citizens of America. Bibliography: The Best Of Purposes: The Triumph and Failure Of The Great Society Under Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon? by Irwin Unger # 211 ; 1996 Doubleday Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream? by Doris Kerns # 211 ; 1976 Harper A ; Row Vietnam: A History? by Stanley Karnow # 211 ; 1983 WGBH Educational Foundation White House Old ages? by Henry Kissinger # 211 ; 1979 Little, Brown and Company

The DWT Freelance Writing Course Is Live

The DWT Freelance Writing Course Is Live The DWT Freelance Writing Course Is Live The DWT Freelance Writing Course Is Live By Daniel Scocco As you probably know the Internet is growing faster than ever, and content is what fosters that growth. As a result there is a strong demand for writers online right now, ranging from copywriters to paid bloggers and magazine writers. That is why a couple of months ago we ran a poll asking our readers if they would be interested in a freelance writing course. Over 500 people answered positively, so we got busy and created one. It’s a 6-week course aimed at giving you all the information you need to start making money freelance writing online. The core content was created by Ali Hale. Apart from writing for us she is a very successful freelance writer. In fact after only eight months writing online she managed to quit her job, and today she is a full time freelance writer and coach for aspiring writers. I also contributed to some of the Internet marketing related lessons, and both Ali and I will be hanging in the private forums to answer questions and interact with the students. The course will remain open for enrollment for 48 hours only (i.e., doors close on Friday, 8am EST), so if you are interested I would recommend you to check it out now. You can click here to visit the course page with all the relevant information. If you have a question just leave a comment below with it and Ill be glad to answer. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Cost-Effective vs. Cost-Efficient40 Synonyms for â€Å"Different†When to Spell Out Numbers

Assessing If Animal Experimentation Should Continue Sociology Essay

Assessing If Animal Experimentation Should Continue Sociology Essay Pet experimentations have already been thoroughly utilized in items and medical studies screening because the 1980s. Nevertheless, the usage of creatures for items screening and medical studies has just worried about individual advantages. What about your pet rights? Does advantages that are individual usually allow it to be authorized for all of US to intervene your pet rights? The problem whether it's essential and moral to utilize creatures for items screening and sciences continues to be intensely discussed to get a time period. Although Pet Rights Activist recognized animal-rights have been morally intruded by vivisections, Laboratory Animal Study of America National Academy thought pet studies is important in several places. Europeans for Medical Improvement which also other this problem shows dog experimentations unreliable and as ineffective. This composition analyze and may define their sights to be able to develop the author's own stand-over issue of animal experimentations . Laboratory Animal Study of Sciences' U.S. National Academy proposes there are requirements for pet studies to become extended to safeguard people from harmful items and illnesses. These said that contemporary systems for example advanced computers continue to be rare to represent the relationships between microorganisms, cells, areas, areas and substances like vivisection does. Scientists stated the experimentations were completed centered on moral methods defined legally and therefore refuse the problem of cruelty and creatures' misuse included throughout the studies. Additionally they state that many study doesn't include discomfort of course if therefore, the discomfort is relieved with anesthetic or medication medications. Researchers also claim concerning the parallels of people biology and creatures that has permitted them to build up vaccines, new medicines and assist them for more information about our anatomies and just how its purpose. Based on National Association for Labo ratory Animal Science, the information collected are just useless in comprehension people, its does additionally useful in knowing our other along with animals, wildlife creatures also (Utilization Of Creatures in Biomedical Research. n.d. p1). Despite the fact that this problem continues to be intensely discussed to get a very long time, the clear answer to prevent it appears complicated and nevertheless too much. Whilst the notion on animal-rights, integrity, and creatures' survival grows through the years, animals proceeds possibly performed within medical, humanely correct, and moral concepts although getting used in study. This enhancement was developed consequently in the introductions of Manual for that Treatment and Utilization Of Laboratory Animals from the National Research Council (NRC) of America. This manual that worried about animal-rights offers the establishments with short traces to handle the study within moral, gentle, and medical concepts. For example, the launch of three Rs technique - alternative, accomplishment, and decrease - were created whilst the primary principle towards humanely pet scientific tests (National Research Council, 2010). Within the 1950s, researches which concerned separating baby monkeys at-birth from their moms hasbeen completed as a way to look at on maternal starvation. Nevertheless, many researchers have firmly criticized this course of action since it is morally incorrect to test individual mental issues that problem interpersonal, genetic and social factors. Mental dog tests that trigger to animals can be viewed as as inhumane as you will find facts that demonstrated creatures likewise experienced exactly the same selection of feelings as people. Animal Rights Activists thought their to be handled as people is deserved by creatures. Including the best to become guarded from any type of tenderness. As people, creatures ought to be regarded quite simply being in the place of home. German and Europe has had some actions in match this problem. In 1992, Europe has recognized animals to be in the place of issues or home (Kayasse, ELIZABETH, S, n.d), while German additional creatures' safety undernea th the structure in 2002. Europeans for Medical Improvement has its stay to disapprove the usage of creatures in medical studies although Pet Rights Activists compared animal experimentations about animal-rights. Whilst the systems create, you will find more and more physicians and researchers began to claim about the stability of utilizing creatures in medical studies and medicals. The study performed on 2004 has shown the facts that vivisection is unreliable and ineffective. For study can be viewed as as improper anymore development in systems today has created addiction on creatures. Furthermore, newly-developed methods that's affordable has offers persuasive outcomes when compared with animal studies. Rats have already been utilized significantly whilst the most dependable animals within the lab to complete on the study. Nevertheless, it had been documented within the Laboratory Pet journal that rats is really a bad versions in knowledge a way of remedies for common cancers along with the system of disease. It had been confirmed the variations between people along with other creatures in mobile and essential innate, molecular has improbable supply efficient lead to looking for the cancer therapies. Furthermore, the efficient therapy examined on creatures has reflected extreme unwanted effects and bad effectiveness when it's put on people. Since 1987, over 100 HIV vaccine studies have been financed by U.S. National Institute of Sensitivity and Infectious Illnesses in people. Despite the fact that 30 vaccines and over 50 vaccines have shown excellent results against HIV/helps with creatures, the tests has didn't respond in people. The parallels between creatures biology and people has allow the researchers make therapy for individual desires and to discover about illnesses. Nevertheless, this declaration isn't relevant anymore while there is growing study results-which exhibited in looking for the remedy animal experimentations didn't show its stability. This process of study preserve proceeds despite the fact that the restriction of vivisection was confirmed, for many factors. Why animal experimentations continue so far among the most dependable businesses within the area has exposed the reasons. Based on the Medical Research Modernization Board, dog testing is essential particularly in chemical sectors due to their own advantages (Anderegg, D. et al. 2006, p19). It features as authorized refuge for that businesses in instances of clients' reduction and impairment due to substance utilized in these products. The patients don't have any to prosecute from the organization whilst the items were officially recomm ended examined on creatures. Furthermore, dog testing is keeping until nowadays for many reasons that function the scientists' governmental, skilled and financial requirements. Medical study that associated with people often include plenty of time-consuming and costs, normally vivisections can very quickly get submit within short-period of time. Medical contemporary development right now and huge improvement in engineering has allowed the development of options which in a position to exchange animals' usage in medical study. Epidemiological may be the efficient and most dependable reports in determining the fundamental reasons for individual illnesses centered on population documents (Anderegg, D. et al. 2006, p15). The easiest way to review individual illnesses is none but to carefully tracking individuals that are individual. Humane Society of America shows that each year significantly more than twenty five thousand creatures hasbeen employed for training functions, and study, screening. Aside from preserving a large number of creatures' existence, epidemiological reports are far less inconsistent to explain therapy methods, efficient reduction and the systems. It's unnecessary to analyze creatures to find what causes some illnesses out. As options, the development of contemporary noninvasive imaging products for example DOG, MRI, KITTEN and SPECT tests therefore and have changed medical analysis decrease the addiction on creatures for medical study (Anderegg, D. et al. 2006, p16). Additionally, advanced computer-modeling has additionally changed animal tests which usually take decades or weeks for that outcomes which were simply within minutes today. Plus or "Episkin" created by L'Oreal study group possibly may provides some expectations from endure lab tests (Episkin to a large number of numerous creatures: Developing Skin within the Laboratory. 2007). Animal experimentations shouldn't be stored continuing in conclusion, although Laboratory Animal Study of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences proceeds to test on creatures within moral methods for that benefit to find therapy and protect people from dangerous item. Both reasons for Medical Improvement from Animal Rights Activist are tangible and undeniable to rebut the U.S. National Academy of Sciences claims' Laboratory Animal Study. Powerful helps from Medical Research Modernization Board, plus have offers plain details regarding vivisections the truth is. With no doubt, the author thought that pet studies ought to be finished since recently create systems may overcome the restriction of animal experimentations that has today clearly not regarded as reasonable anymore.

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Economics - Essay Example The fiscal expansion which came about as a result of World War 11 led to the end of that period of contraction. As some parts of the world are recovering from what has been described by many as the Great Recession, the debate is on as to whether or not the world went through a depression or a recession. Indeed there are some similarities with the Great Depression of the 1930’s but the official authorities have not characterised it as such. This paper defines recession and depression and explains the differences between them. It also looks at similarities and or differences leading up to the Great Recession which was triggered by the volatility in the stock market and a credit crunch in 2007, and those of the Great Depression which lasted from 1929 to 1933 and extended into the 1940’s. Definitions The Business Cycle Dating Committee (BCDC) at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) defines a recession as a time when business activity is at its peak and therefore starts falling until it reaches its lowest level (â€Å"bottom out†) –a trough (Recession n.d.). A recession normally lasts for a year and is part of a regular business cycle which involves contractions (recession) and expansions. However, there are others which have lasted for up to two years. An example is the Japan’s economic slowdown in Japan in the 1990’s which lasted for 2 years to March 1999 can be considered as a recession since the largest peak to trough decline in GDP during that period was 3.4%. A depression on the other hand represents a slowdown in economic activity where GDP falls by more than 10% (Recession n.d.). It is characterised by rising unemployment, a sustained long term downturn in the economy and normally last for more than three years. The great depression which lasted from 1929 to 1933 and which was prolonged well into the early 1940’s with the â€Å"double-dip† is a prime example of a depression. During this perio d real GDP fell by 30% which is above the 10% benchmark. Unemployment levels soared to never before seen levels and a large number of families and single persons were losing there homes. Thousands of business closed there doors while others downsized. Differences between a recession and a depression The Economist (2009) quotes Saul Eslake, the Chief Economist at ANZ Bank as saying that the difference between a recession and a depression is more than just size and duration as noted in the definitions above. Eslake indicates that the cause of the downturn is also of importance (qtd. in The Economist, 2009). Eslake went on to state that a recession usually results from tight monetary policies while a depression is the result of a â€Å"bursting asset credit bubble†, a sharp decline in credit (contraction) and a fall in the general price level (The Economist 2009). Eslake further stated that during the Great Depression prices fell by approximately 25% and nominal GDP shrank by al most 50%. A depression Eslake suggested does not have to be as severe as in the 1930’s. They can either be mild or severe. Additionally, Eslake (qtd. in Economist 2009) indicates that the economic downturns (slumps) which followed on the heels of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the ones which characterised the Asian crises were not depression. The reason Eslake states is that inflation increased sharply. Eslake also suggested that the downturn in the e

Do Counsellors Perceive There Counselling Training Equips Them to Deal Essay

Do Counsellors Perceive There Counselling Training Equips Them to Deal with Violent and Aggressive Clients - Essay Example During this time, I was thinking of a physical and emotional exit for myself and that surely wrought negative effects on my performance and efficiency as a counsellor. This particular incident made me feel very susceptible at this point and realized my lack of defences. It also needs to be realized that counsellors are not equipped, in most situations, to effectively handle these kinds of clients and unpleasant situations that could arise when dealing them. I am very fortunate and lucky in this regard to be blessed with the proper kind of training that effectively deal with hostile situations and clients, I was interested in finding out how other counsellors, most of whom are unequipped, deal with such situations and their problems and expectations. Another reason for working on this topic is the lack of previous research and literature on this particular that further translates into problems for counsellors. The objective of drawing up this report was to gather the observations and impressions of other counsellors about the physical harassment they face at the hands of violent clients and how do they feel and manage or handle such hostile situations. ... and off-the-job training by their organizations to deal with this kind of condition and was such training provided to them when they were training to become qualified counsellors and therapists. Also, if such a situation arises, does it affect their performance as an effective counsellor What kind of effects such clients have on their ability to successfully counsel and console them Does such a situation restrict them [the counsellors] from efficiently challenging a client if the situation demands them to do so I also had to collect their views regarding the fact that do they think proper training during the course of their studies and later, during their professional lives would have helped them to control such hostile clients and circumstances with positive effects. Brief Review of Relevant Literature (Key References or Proposed Searches) As there has been little research conducted on this particular topic in the past, there is a serious and disappointing lack of literature available on this exact topic. However, there are a few books, journal articles, magazine articles and other types of research material accessible on this topic. These include: 1. McMahon, G. (1994) Setting up your own private practice in Counselling and Psychotherapy. Cambridge: National Extension College Ltd 2. HUDSON-ALLEZ, G. The prevalence of stalking of psychological therapists (2002) working in primary care by current or former clients. 3. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research. Health & safety Health and Safety. Executive (2004) 4.McLEAN, S. & the contribution of therapist beliefs to Psychological WADE, T. (2003) Distress in Therapist. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy. 5. SUTTON, J & STEWART, W. (2000) Learning to Counsel Oxford: How To Books 6.WHEELER, S. (1996) Training

Classroom Observation Instruments Essay Example for Free

Classroom Observation Instruments Essay The following checklist it based off the Charlotte Danielson Framework. Teacher evaluations are based on four components or domains. Domain 1 is preparation and planning, domain 2 is classroom environment, domain 3 is instruction, and domain 4 is professional responsibility. When completing a classroom observation, only aspects of domain 2 and domain 3 are observable with a walk through. The following is an evaluation checklist of things a principal will look for while completing a classroom walk through. Sections marked with a (T) are teacher behaviors being observed, those marked with an (S) are student behaviors. Domain 2- Classroom Environment 1. Creating a classroom environment of respect and rapport (T) 2. Establishing a culture for learning (T) 3. Managing classroom procedures (T) 4. Management of student behavior (T) 5. Organizing physical space (T) 6. Work stations for group work (S) 7. Student desks are organized and material accessible (S) Additional notes on classroom environment: Domain 3 – Instruction 1. Communicating with students (T) 2. Use of questioning and discussion techniques (T) 3. Engaging students in learning (T) 4. Using assessment in instruction (T) 5. Demonstrate flexibility and responsiveness (T) 6. Whole class participation (S) 7. Student Engagement/on task behavior (S) 8. Confidence displayed in assessment (S) Additional notes on instruction: The above checklist is meant to be a guideline for principals to use during a walk through evaluation. Can you see the five aspects of each domain present in the classroom for teachers and the five for students? A simple yes or no will suffice. The above checklist is meant to be a guideline or springboard to complete next steps in the learning process. Those areas marked yes should be a cause for celebration. Evaluators and teachers can then discuss to what extent those aspects were present during the observation. In addition to the yes or no answers for each aspect of the two domains, an evaluator can write comments that fall within the domain descriptions as well. Are classroom procedures posted? That can be noted for classroom environment. What type of graphic organizer did the teacher use? That is part of an instructional strategy. The bottom part of the checklist allows the evaluator to add to the things he saw or did not see. This evaluation checklist should be copied and given directly to the teacher for reflection. That way the teacher has immediate feedback of what the principal observed in her classroom. This allows the educator to see what is being observed in her classroom and in her teaching. She can reflect on what aspects were not observed, adjust her teaching and include those aspects going forward. As much as it is a checklist for the evaluator, it can be used as a check-in for the teacher. If time allows, the principal should sit down and discuss the findings with the teacher, but time is not always available for this conference opportunity. This communication method would fall into a non-directive supervisory approach. Nondirective supervision involves the teacher being an essential part of the decision making process. While the teacher is reflecting and thinking through his actions for instructional improvement, the supervisor assists in this thinking and reflection process (Glickman Gordon, Ross-Gordon, 2008). This is shown through the principal giving feedback, but the teacher working out the next steps on her own. The positive aspect of this type of supervision includes the teacher feeling comfortable enough to ask their administrator for help when needed and feeling comfortable  enough to take risks in their classrooms (Rettig, Lampe, and Garcia, 2000). References Glickman, C.D., Gordon, S.P., Ross-Gordon, J.M. (2014). Supervision and instructional leadership: a developmental approach (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Rettig, P.R., Lampe and Garcia, P. (2000). â€Å"Supervising Your Faculty with a Differentiated Model.† The Department Chair 11(2)

Sophocless Electra vs. Euripidess Electra :: comparison compare contrast essays

Euripides and Sophocles wrote their own versions of the Electra story. The basic plot is as follows: Agamemnon is killed by Clytemnestra and her lover Aegisthus after he returns from the Trojan war to reclaim his sister-in-law Helen from the Trojans.   Electra and her brother Orestes plot to kill their mother and her lover to revenge his death.   Both authors wrote about the same plot, but the built the story very differently.   Sophocles focused on Orestes, and Euripides focused more on the life of Electra.   In Sophocles's version, the play opens with Orestes learning his fate from the Pythian Oracle; he must revenge his father's death unarmed and alone.   He sends his pedagogue Pylades, as a spy, to learn about the situation in Mycenae.   Electra mourns for her father's death.   She is unable to avenge her father's murders without the help of Orestes, her brother.   She is also mad about how her mother and her lover waste her father's riches and desecrate his name.   Her half-sister Chrysothemis is no help to Electra and refuses to help in the murder of her mother and mother's lover. Pylades arrives bearing the sad news of Orestes death. He tells Clytemnestra that Orestes was killed in a chariot race at the Delphian games; his body was cremated and his ashes were sent to Mycenae.   Concealing his identity, Orestes arrives and with the help of Electra and Pylades, plots the murder of his mother and his mother's lover.   Orestes enter the palace, kills his mother and returns to Electra.   When Aegisthus arrives, Orestes kills him as well fulfilling his destiny.   Euripides's version is much more dramatic.   The play begins with Electra's marriage to a peasant.   Aegisthus had tried to kill Electra but Clytemnestra convinced him to allow her to live.   He decided to marry her to a peasant so her children will be humbly born and pose no threat to his throne.   Orestes and Pylades arrive.   Orestes says that he has come to Apollo's shrine to pledge himself to avenge his father's murder.   Orestes, concealing his identity, talks with Electra about the recent happenings in Mycenae.   She admits that she is sad that her brother had been taken away at such a young age and the only person that would recognize him would be her father's old servant.   She also discusses her scorn of Aegisthus desecrating the monument over Agamemnon's grave and his ridicule of Orestes.

Academic Excellence Guarantees a Successful Life

Academic excellence guarantees a successful life. Do you agree? This topic also has been discussed with my upper six this year and they have written their version of the article. This sample answer shows beside the appropriate approach and language, how ideas should be generated and developed. The bold phrase at the beginning of each paragraph is the main idea, and after the details it is closed with a summary that relates the argument with the topic. No. I simply do not agree that academic excellence guarantees a successful life. If academic excellence means having a degree from a university, and a successful life is where a person is able to get whatever he desires and be happy with it, than there are other elements in life that helps in making life a success. It is obvious that during the last decade, academic qualification does not guarantee jobs for graduates, much to the frustration of the youngsters, who, throughout their university days were hoping for guaranteed posts in government agencies or steady private firms. Thousands were seen applying for jobs that were unpopular before, taking the teaching profession for example, where only a handful were recruited. Graduates without the extra qualities like the desire to move on, motivation, and communications skills will be left out,proving that academic excellence is not the license for a successful life. The blue-collar sector promises bright future for the non performing school students. The vast and rapid development of the various industries in the country, led by the successful automotive sector, has provided jobs for those with skills rather than academic qualification. School leavers with vocational skills, taking automotive as example, see better future compared to their counterparts on the academic line. Thus, it is a common scene nowadays to see mechanics and technicians in the various fields doing well in life, even without academic excellence. Some people who excel in academics do manage to land in secured jobs in the government and corporate giants, and went on to the highest and powerful position. These are the few lucky ones, as in most cases, there are other factors that help determine their success. It is not a secret that cronyism and nepotism are being practised everywhere, much to the dismay of those who depend only on academic qualification. Unless they really stand out with brilliant and extremely noticeable performance, they should be prepared to be ordinary officers up to the day of retirement. This is evidence that excellence in academic alone does not guarantee success. There are also people without academic excellence doing well in business. Through sheer determination and the urge to succeed, plus a little bit of aid from the bank perhaps, people have proven to be successful, earning way more than the salary of chief executives in the corporate sectors. In fact, with a hand from political influences, some are able to secure projects worth millions of ringgits. Would academic excellence be able provide this? To conclude, academic excellence does help comfort a person’s life, securing him a career to earn a living. Nonetheless, it is simply not enough to guarantee that he will be successful in life, as it takes a lot of other factors to achieve it.

Although the women’s characters in Frankenstein are more underlying they are vital to the structure of the story

Although the women's characters in Frankenstein are more underlying they are vital to the structure of the story. Because not only do they add depth and give moral guidance to the male characters such as Walton and Victor Frankenstein, they are also full of kindness, compassion and social consciousness. This has the effect of stressing the importance of taking care of family and friendship and especially feminine influences in your life in order to retain both your humanity and sanity. They represent the good women of the world and make it easier for the target audience of the time to identify with the story. Shelley also uses them to explore several themes such as the role of women in the society of the time. For example the way women were judged and valued only for their beauty and/or their usefulness to men. That the women in Frankenstein are not given a voice and that they seem not to have any opinions or power over their future, may be a comment from Shelley about the injustice of women's treatment in her society. Walton's letters to his sister Mrs Margaret Saville, have several effects. They make his account feel more personal and believable for the reader. Especially as the locations described in the novel are likely to be alien to them. The introduction of Mrs Saville, an English, middle class, married woman, would have made it easier for similar people to identify with the story and therefore bring the events closer to home for them. The letters also stress the importance of family. For example in Letter One, Walton is feeling low and lonely and says â€Å"†¦ I bitterly feel the want of a friend. I have no one near me gentle†¦ to approve or amend my plans. † which stresses the importance of friendship and sharing for a person's mental well being and happiness. Then in Letter Two, after Walton has happened upon Victor, his spirits are significantly raised because he sees Victor as an equal and a potential friend. The letters also provide an early contrast between Walton and Victor and their attitudes. As Walton speaks of his â€Å"†¦ conviction that a man could boast little happiness, who did not enjoy this blessing. and Victor replies â€Å"†¦ I once had a friend, the most noble of human creatures†¦ But I – I have lost everything,†¦ â€Å". Therefore Shelley illustrates that by seeking his sister's moral guidance, reassurance and love and by valuing friendship, Walton is more humane than Victor who has sacrificed everything and everyone to reach his goal. This may be a warning from Shelley of the possible disastrous consequences of isolation and the healing powers of friends and family. However, it is notable that Mrs Saville lacks a voice or opinion as her letters are not included. Her lack of voice may be a comment from Shelley that despite her obvious importance to her brother and indeed to his well being, her voice, views and opinions are of little importance to the world at large. The story of Victor's mother Caroline, stresses the fact that at the time of writing a woman's future was dependent upon the men in her life. Beaufort, a good friend of Victor's father, flees from society in shame when he loses his wealth and as a result his health fails. As a consequence Caroline is forced to nurse him and take on menial work below her noble station in order for them to survive. That Victor says of his mother â€Å"But Caroline Beaufort possessed a mind of uncommon mould; and here courage rose to support her in her adversity. † it may be a comment from Shelley, in that despite her status as a lowly women she had the wit, intelligence and courage to find a way to survive with the need for a male supporter. Also it may be evidence of Shelley's disgust at how unfair it was that a woman could only seek such low status and low paid employment, despite possessing equal intelligence and strength of character as that of a man. Victor's father clearly values friendship highly and goes to great effort to seek out his friend. When he eventually finds him, it is too late to save Beaufort but he ‘rescues', and eventually marries, Caroline. Thus saving her from what would almost certainly have been an existence of poverty and hardship alone with no family and friends to support her. The character or Caroline also portrays the way women bring compassion and social consciousness into society, when Victor says of he parents â€Å"Their benevolent disposition often made them enter the cottages of the poor. and that to his mother â€Å"†¦ it was more than a duty; it was a necessity, a passion – remembering what she had suffered†¦ † and that she was so caring and compassionate that she saw it has her duty â€Å"†¦ -for her to in her turn be guardian angel to the afflicted. † Indeed throughout the novel women are portrayed as virtual angels lacking any malice or negative influ ences. They are innocent victims, who meet undesirable ends at the hands of and due to the careless and violent actions of men. It is Caroline who adopts Elizabeth on finding her in one of the â€Å"†¦ cottages of the poor. It is notable, however, that it is not simply here ‘angelic' nature that leads her to this action but also Elizabeth's outstanding beauty and the rumours of her nobility. This is seen when it is said that by contrast to the four other â€Å"†¦ dark-eyed, hardy little vagrants;† â€Å"She appeared of different stock. † as â€Å"her hair was of the brightest living gold,†¦ † â€Å"†¦ her blue eyes cloudless,†¦ † and she was â€Å"†¦ fairer than a garden rose among the dark-leaved brambles. † So it is her beauty and the aforementioned rumours of a noble birth that save Elizabeth from a life of poverty. That she is given to Victor as a â€Å"†¦ pretty present†¦ † and Caroline's wish that they should someday marry, is a further example of women's lack of power over their futures. Elizabeth is a vital character in the novel as she provides a contrast within the Frankenstein family by which to compare Victor. Indeed Victor admits that she â€Å"†¦ was of a calmer more concentrated disposition;†¦ † than himself while his â€Å"†¦ temper was sometimes violent†¦ † and his â€Å"†¦ passions vehement,†¦ â€Å". Indeed, it is Elizabeth who takes motherly responsibility for the household when Caroline dies. However, despite this great responsibility she has little or no power. We also see the depth of Victor's selfishness and disregard for others when despite the Creature's threat to kill Elizabeth should Victor marry her, he goes ahead with it still. This action begs the question; if he loved her at all why marry her and put her in mortal peril? As had he not gone ahead with the marriage she may have survived. Again, excepting her letters, Elizabeth like Mrs Saville and Caroline lacks a voice. Further evidence of Victor's disregard for others and the more compassionate nature of Elizabeth is seen when Justine is wrongly accused of the murder of their brother William. For although Victor knows that it was the Creature that killed him, he does nothing for fear of the discovery misdeeds in creating the Creature in the first place and also for fear of how it would appear to others. On the other hand Elizabeth, even though she has less of the facts, feels it is her moral responsibility as a friend to see justice is done. Aware of the detrimental affect it may have on her social standing and the evidence against Justine, in the form of the broach, she still speaks up for her in court to say that Justine had neither the nature, motive nor means to commit such an awful crime. This is, yet further evidence of the lack of value Victor places on friendship, family, loyalty and justice compared to Elizabeth. Justine too is adopted into the family, but is not as beautiful as Elizabeth and as a result, although she is a blood relation, she is treated as a special servant rather than a proper member of the family. This could be seen as a comment from Shelley on the unfairness of the value put on beauty and the unfairness of a class system that judges a persons moral worth by using their beauty and class position as a guide. Justine's name may also be a play on words, in that is resembles Justice and ironically she receives non. Instead she is forced to confess to a crime she did not commit in order to save her soul. Justine's character also illustrates the influence of the writings of Godwin on social and political justice and her mother's feminist works on Shelley's view of both political and female injustice within the society of the day. Both Safie and Agatha also play and important role, as it is by observing them that the Creature learns about many aspects of life. For example the Creature discovers deeper emotions within himself when he sees Agatha cry and hears man made music for the first time. However, the arrival of Safie is vital to the story as she provides a way for him to learn much more. Because she speaks a different language and is from a different culture, it is necessary for Agatha and her father to teach her their language and customs. By listening and observing her tuition, the Creature is able to gain a better understanding of the language and with the addition the some books he happens upon in the forest he learns to read. Also, due to Mr DeLacey's minute attention to detail and eagerness to teach Safie as much as possible, the Creature gains valuable knowledge of many subjects. These include some history, a broader view of the world and its â€Å"†¦ empires†¦ â€Å", governments, religion, death, the difference between the sexes and the importance of family. He also learns more about the structure of society and the class system for example the value of possessions/wealth, lineage and family connections in relation to a persons place within society. Armed with this knowledge he begins to understand that as he has neither family, wealth nor possessions that he has little or no status within society and this compounded with his ugliness saddens him greatly. His ability to read also means that he is able to read Victor's journal and learn of his creation, which is obviously vital as his memory of his creation was incomplete. His ability to read and the geographical knowledge he gains from Safie's tuition also helps him in his search for Victor. However, Safie is and important character for other reasons to. In that her escape from non-Christian Asia and an undesirable existence in a Harem, to a Christian culture where by comparison women are free and â€Å"†¦ allowed to take rank in society,†¦ † may be a comment from Shelley that although the fate of women in the western world is unfair their fate is worse in some other cultures and religions. Safie's story also gives the Creature hope as he sees that although her father was very unkind to the DeLacey family they welcome her into their home all the same. It is also a classic romantic tale of how love can conquer all, which would have appealed to the readership. In conclusion, I do not agree that the women in Frankenstein play an insignificant part in the story. Indeed without them the male characters would lack depth and the novel would have been less appealing to its audience. They bring the far away and foreign locations closer to home and make what is often an unbelievable story more believable. Without Safie's character the Creature would not have been able to learn so easily or convincingly. Also Shelley's views about women's contribution to the balance of society, their relative lack of power, freedom or control over their future's when compared to men could not have been expressed so strongly. Her point that society tends to judge people by appearances and wealth rather than their moral character and the misconceptions this causes could not have been made so convincingly. Overall I believe the story is strengthened and made more complete by their existence.

Napoleons Russian Campaign essays

Napoleons Russian Campaign essays The peace between France and Russia in 1807 lasted for five years but was not satisfactory to either side. The Tilsit settlement was thought of by Napoleon as no more than a convenient truce. In 1807 he had been in no position to invade Russia but there was no way that he could tolerate another European power for very long. Napoleon felt that a war with Russia was necessary for crushing England by crushing the only power still strong enough him any trouble by joining her. Napoleon began preparing for the war. He secured the support of Austria and Prussia since even though neither was in any position to refuse. Emperor Francis of Austria provided 34,000 men to cover the French but sent secret messages to St. Petersburg assuring Alexander that Austrian hostilities would be kept to a minimum. Prussia though was placed in a less fortunate position. With Berlin occupied by French and most of their 1807 debt to be paid it had no alternative but to provide 25,000 men and supply quarters and rations for the entire army. The rest of Napoleons Grand Army came from the many countries under his direct control. The Kingdom of Italy sent 45,000 men, the Grand Duchy of Warsaw 35,000. The Kingdoms of Bavaria, Saxony and Westphalia each sent 17,000 men and there were many additions from various other nations under Napoleons control. In all the army totaled to 600,000 men. While Napoleon had an enormous army he made though inadequate preparations for supplying the troops. The provisions that he arranged for were not intended to provide all that the troops would need as they fought their way to Moscow. This was because Napoleon visualized a short campaign ending in a decisive victory. In a speech to his troops on June 22 he announced that In less than two months time the Russians will be asking for peace. His main striking force consisted of 235,000 men. Two smaller forces, each of 70,000 me...

Job versus Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Job versus Business - Essay Example Risk in establishing a business is just as great as are the opportunities associated with it. It is quite normal for a business to bring results contrary to the expectations of the owner. Success of a business fundamentally depends upon an individual’s luck. Nevertheless, if risks have been adequately assessed and catered for in the start and the business owner is able to make informed decisions as per the need of the hour, business provides an individual with much more benefits than job. A businessman does not wake up in the morning because he/she will be fined if he/she gets late or does not reach the office in time. Instead, the businessman feels a sense of responsibility to wake up and reach the office in time so that activities go as per the schedule. There is a great difference between the two conditions. In the former, there is fear of accountability whereas in the latter, there is sense of responsibility. Ownership of a business enables an individual to live the life o f a king whereas in a job, an individual’s condition is hardly different from a servant in practical terms. While running a business, one establishes one’s own rules for the others to follow, whereas in the job, one has to follow the rules established by the employer whether or not one finds them right. In the capacity of the owner of a business, one takes decisions that affect others while in the job, others’ decisions affect one. Lack of decision making power in the job does not provide an individual with sufficient room for intellectual growth in the profession. â€Å"You want to leave your mark on the world and change something. Running your own business enables you to do this to a greater extent than you could as an employee† (Robert Ashton, 2010). In addition to that, one can also decide to get rid of bad employees in the business but not in the job. A lot of women employees have to continue working for salary with the colleagues who harass them sex ually (Chaudhuri, 2006). They are not in the position to expel such colleagues from job because they are not business owners. The biggest advantage that business offers in comparison to the job is that it provides an individual with the opportunity to gain maximum benefit of his/her efforts. One may have to exert many times more in the job as compared to the exertion in a business, and yet, the reward in the job is many times less than what one gets in a business. In an attempt to impress the employer so that he would make slight addition to the current salary of the worker, the worker tends to work beyond the official duty hours and yet, there is little realization on the part of the employer in a vast majority of cases. Even if the employer does realize, there is little guarantee that he will appreciate the worker in terms of increment in the salary. After a whole year of extra work, the worker may have a 2 to 5 per cent increment in the salary upon the review of performance. On t he other hand, all profit made from the business becomes the property of the businessman. After one project, when the salaries of all staff have been paid, the business owner is left with an amount that he/she can not assemble after several projects as an employee. In addition to that, there is no retiring in business unlike job. â€Å"Let's say you join a company, degree in hand, at entry level. You move up the ladder for fifteen, twenty, even twenty-five years. Now you're a